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Learn how to make this delicious and Easy Crock Pot Roast Recipe without any seasoning packets required. It is simple, absolutely amazing and gluten free.
Crockpot Roast is the perfect meal to serve any day of the week. My favorite is to serve on Sunday to start the week off right. There is no need for using a seasoning packets. Just simple seasoning is all that is needed.
We love making easy slow cooker recipes for a delicious home cooked meal. Roast is one of our favorites because of how easy it is to make. You must try our Oven Roasted Pork Shoulder, Slow Cooker Venison Roast, Crock Pot Mississippi Roast Recipe or Crock Pot Dill Pickle Roast Recipe.
Table of Contents
What is the Best Roast to Use:
We are using a chuck roast and it turned out amazing. The meat was so fall apart tender and the flavor was perfect. You could also use a rump roast slow cooker recipe or bottom round roast.
Whatever cut of meat you choose to use will be so tender after slow cooking. My family loved this recipe. It truly is the best pot roast recipe.
Ingredients:
- Roast
- Potatoes
- Carrots
- Yellow Onion
- Beef Broth
- Minced Garlic
- Italian Seasoning
- Salt & Pepper
- Cornstarch
For the full list of ingredients and recipe, scroll to the bottom for the recipe card.
Variations Ideas:
- Ranch Seasoning – If you want a fun twist on flavor, consider adding in a homemade ranch mix.
- Hint of Spice – Spice up the heat by pouring in some jarred jalapeños or pepperoncini’s.
- Worcestershire Sauce – Add in a tablespoon or 2 of Worcestershire sauce
- Change the Meat – Use different cuts of meat like round steak or flank steak.
- Potatoes – Feel free to use red potatoes or Yukon Gold Potatoes for the perfect Sunday dinner.
Step by Step Instructions:
- Step 1 – First, cut all of your vegetables into large chunks. You want them to be bigger so they will not turn into mush.
- Step 2 – Second, add the beef to the crock pot and then place the potatoes and carrots around the roast. Then add onion to the crock pot as well.
- Step 3 – Add all your seasonings and then the beef broth on top in the slow cooker.
- Step 4 – Let this cook on low for 8-10 hours. You can cook on high for 4-5 hours if you prefer. I prefer a longer cook time for this recipe so that the beef is fork tender.
- Step 5 – Once the roast has cooked, shred the beef and serve with your favorite side dishes.
How to Make the Gravy:
- Step 1 – Use a small bowl and whisk the water and the cornstarch together to make a cornstarch slurry.
- Step 2 – Take part of the broth mixture from the crock pot and put it in a sauce pan. Now, add in the water and cornstarch mixture in with the beef juice.
- Step 3 – Whisk this all together and bring it to a boil. Make sure to stir it frequently for about 3 to 5 minutes. It should start to thicken. Keep in mind it will thicken some more as it cools.
The gravy is amazing and I like to drizzle it all over the roast, carrots and potatoes for the perfect comfort food.
Make sure to taste test the gravy before serving and add more salt and pepper if needed. This roast is also delicious with this brown gravy.
Expert Tips:
- Crock Pot – You will need a good crock pot for this recipe. I have been using a multi-cooker and I love it. You can brown the beef, slow cook the dinner and make the gravy all in the same pot.
- Defrost the Beef – Make sure that the beef is fully defrosted before adding to the crock pot. This will ensure that the beef cooks evenly and is more tender.
- Cut the veggies into large pieces – Since the beef requires a longer cook time, cut all the vegetables into larger pieces so that they don’t get too soft while cooking.
- Don’t use Flour for the Gravy – I have found that cornstarch instead of flour works best to make the gravy for this roast. Cornstarch is flavorless so it thickens without changing the flavor of the droppings from the crock pot.
Serving Suggestions:
My kids always love when I make mashed potatoes and homemade rolls when I make rump roast crock pot recipe. But you can also make your potatoes and carrots in the roast.
Make sure to check out our What to Serve with Pot Roast for easy roast dish dish ideas.
Storage:
Refrigerate the leftovers in an airtight container for up to 3-5 days or you can freeze the leftovers for up to 3 months.
Frequently Asked Questions
We prefer our roast to cook on low for 8-10 hours depending on how your crock pot cooks. However, you can cook the roast on high as well.
If cooking on the high setting, 5 hours will be plenty of time for the roast to cook and be super tender.
If your roast isn’t tender, that normally means it needs to be cooked longer. I prefer to cook my roast on low all day to insure that is it tender and falling apart.
Also, make sure you have enough liquid. We specifically use 4 cups of liquid to make sure your roast is tender.
No, you do not have to brown the roast. You can toss the roast in the slow cooker without any prep work.
However, if you like to brown your roast first that is totally fine. Some people prefer to brown the roast a few minutes on each side before slow cooking.
Place some olive oil in a large pan and make sure to sear the meat all sides if browning. After searing the meat, place it in the crock pot and add the other vegetables.
Yes, you can use baby carrots. If so, make sure to use the thick baby carrots so that they don’t fall apart during the cook time.
Yes, wine is delicious in this recipe. Replace ½ cup of the beef broth for red wine. Red cooking wine or a dry drinking wine would be delicious in this roast recipe.
Yes, this roast can be cooked in the oven but I prefer making it in the crock pot because it’s easy and the beef is always fork tender with very little work.
If making this in an oven, you would want to cover it. Then cook it at a low temperature for 3-4 hours until the beef is tender.
More Roast Recipes to make
More Crock Pot Beef Recipes
- Easy Crock Pot Beef Tips Recipe
- Easy Crock Pot Beef Stroganoff Recipe
- Slow Cooker Red Wine Beef Brisket Recipe
Be sure to check out all of our delicious Crock Pot Recipes or one of our 63 Dump and Go Slow Cooker Recipes.
We love hearing from you. If you make this Slow Cooker Pot Roast Recipe, please leave us a comment or a star review.
The Best Crock pot Roast Recipe
Equipment
- Crockpot I use this Crockpot all the time!
Ingredients
- 2 to 3 lbs roast
- 1.5 lbs any potatoes of your choice cut into chunks (I used small baby yellow potatoes so there was not cutting)
- 4 carrots peeled and cut into chunks
- 1/2 onion cut into chunks
- 4 cups beef stock or broth one carton
- 1 teaspoon minced Garlic
- 1/2 teaspoon Italian Seasoning
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1/2 teaspoon pepper
- 1/4 cup water for the gravy
- 2 tablespoons cornstarch
Instructions
- First cut all your vegetables into large chunks. You want them to be bigger so they will not turn into mush.
- Add your roast to the crock pot and then place the vegetables around the roast.
- Add all your seasonings.
- Add in the beef stock.
- Cover and cook on low for 8 hours or on high for 5 hours.
- Shred the beef.
- Now, time to make the gravy. In a small bowl whisk together the ¼ cup of water and the cornstarch.
- Remove 2 cups of the liquid from the crock pot and place in a sauce pan.
- Whisk in the water and cornstarch mixture in with the beef juice.
- Bring to a boil, stirring frequently for 3-5 minutes until it begins to thicken. It will thicken as it cools as well.
- Drizzle the gravy over the roast, potatoes, and carrots and enjoy!
So delicious! And easy
The roast, carrots and potatoes are so good!!!
Woohoo! I’m so glad you enjoyed it – Thanks for sharing Heidi!
I give this recipe 5 stars for a few reasons: ONE- it tastes amazing, TWO- I had never tried cooking a roast without searing it first and wanted to try and I thought it tastes just as good. I will no longer be searing my meat with all the mess and the extra time. Thank you for this recipe Carrie!!!
LOVE the ability to Scan the QR code at the end of the recipe!!!
Thank you!!
So glad to hear this!
My husband loved it! He dislikes pot roast.
I would just leave these ingredients and you don’t need to substitute them with anything else.
im not very good at cooking never was
but you make your recipes so easy to follow
and in the hard times we live in now
it does not cost to much to make a tasty meal
GREAT STUFF
TRISH FROM DUBLIN IRELAND
I made this today as an experiment for my husband who is going on a ski trip and doesnโt want too many steps, like searing and sautรฉing. It turned out just right and we have a new favorite recipe. Thank you Carrie.
Yes I have done that and it is great!
I’m going to sear my roast in a pan first, then add it to the crockpot. Has anyone else done this before?
This was absolutely delicious. The seasonings were perfect. Thank you for the recipe. ??
You can do either honestly.
If you did use a seasoning packet, would you still add the beef broth or just add water?
This was LOVELY. FALL is starting. We used tri-tip and I added tomato paste for richness. So easy, simple ingredients, home cooked comfort meal before Sunday night football. Thank you.
Can I make this without the onion and garlic? I have a family member who can’t eat them. If so, what would you recommend in substitution? Thank you
I’m so glad you enjoyed it. I love this recipe.
My new go to roast recipe. Delicious.
Yes I think that would be ok.
I have sort of a small crock pot so there wouldn’t be room to put vegetables around the roast. Would it be okay to put them on top of it? Or would it be better to just cook the roast separately and then roast the vegetables in the oven?
This was AMAZING!! Delish! Whole family enjoyed it, I added a couple of bay leaves to this recipe.
So easy to put together in the morning and to come home the delicious meal in the evening.
This Pork Roast was so easy! We loved it. Only differences: I used chicken broth, and I put thick onion slices in the crockpot for the roast to rest on, and I cooked it in the crockpot 3 hours on high and 1 hour on low because company was coming earlier. Thank you for this recipe.
Made this last night and it was great! I did add 2 tablespoons of Worcestershire. Thanks!
Really tasty!!!
It was my first time making roast and it ended up being really easy! I cooked on high for 6 hours and it was perfect. I also used 1/4 cup of flour as a substitute for the corn starch and it turned out well!
Really tasty!!!
It was my first time making roast and it ended up being really easy! I cooked on high for 6 hours and it was perfect. I also used 1/4 cup of flour as a substitute for the corn starch and it turned out well!
The title does not lie. BEST recipe I’ve ever tried. We chose the 5 hour on high setting and served up after 4.5 hours. With beef prices as high as they are now I’m very glad we will eat every bit.
I made this crockpot beef roast yesterday. It was very good and I will make it again
Great roast recipe. Using it this Christmas.
If you scroll down to the recipe card, the nutritional information is included
No nutritional information. I would have loved to have tried this, but for people counting calories this was not helpful …
I’m so glad you loved it!
Made it yesterday, thus roast turned out amazing!
I’m so glad you loved it!
I made this tonight. I donโt usually care for pot roast but omg, this was good! And my husband LOVES it! Thank you!
I’m glad you love this recipe. It is one of my favorites!
Quick, easy and amazing roast!! Will definitely be in the regular line up this fall and winter. Only tweaking I did was add bay leaves and a little extra seasoning than the recipe called for.
That all sounds amazing! Thanks so much for commenting.
I made this roast today in my Foodi, slow cooker function. I did brown the roast in the cooker first. I used fresh herbs (basil, rosemary, thyme, and sage) from my garden. I also used purple potatoes and fresh carrots freshly dug from the garden. It turned out delicious! My family and I enjoyed this very much!
THIS WAS MY FIRST TRY COOKING IN A CROCK POT AND THE POT ROAST WAS THE BEST I HAVE EVER HAD. I DID ADD A PACKAGE OF RANCH DRESSING AND 4 PEPERONCINI PEPPERS AND USED A RUMP ROAST IN PLACE OF A CHUCK. I NOW HAVE A WAY TO FIX A POOR MANS BRISKET.
THE LEFTOVER MEAT WAS SHREDDED AND ADDED BBQ SAUCE FOR SANDWICHES.
I made this meal and it turned out delicious, not a lot of ingredients and was great tasting and the meat was tender and moist. Put it on in the morning and by 4:00 dinner was ready.
M. Andrews
This is my go-to-pot roast recipe. I always add more carrot, celery, onion and garlic. Sometimes I add mushrooms last hour of cooking. I have used with just beef stock, with both beef stock and red wine, combo beef stock, chicken bone broth, and wine. I also add a couple bay leafs to the pot. I brown the meat before adding all the veggies. It always turns out great.
My family said this was the best roast I have cooked in a long time..Thank you so much
So easy, so tasty.Thank you.
Soooo yummy!!! I made it just as written. Except I added extra cornstarch to the gravy didn’t need to. This is my new go to pot roast. Thanks!!!
This is a near-perfect recipe… except you forgot to include a bay leaf…It adds a very subtle difference in flavor that is amazing.
I made this today. I usually stick with the Mississippi roast, but we have gotten tired of it. I did this recipe exactly as written except added maybe a tablespoon of Worcestershire, and I doubled the seasonings Absolutely OUTSTANDING! Wow! Being the foodie I am, Itโs rare that Iโm impressed easily, but this did it for sure.
Fantastic! Honestly the best roast I have ever made. I have an extremely picky eater at home and he couldn’t get enough. AND he loved the gravy-he hates gravy.
I will never use another recipe again. A 2.63lb chuck roast was done in exactly 8 hours.
I just wish I knew what I could do with the leftover juice. It seems too good to just toss.
Thank you for sharing this wonderful and EASY recipe
Making this right now! I did modify slightly….I seared the roast and seasoned it with my favorite “buttery” seasoning to add richness. Also added celery. Prolly going to cook for 10 hours. I AM SO EXCITED.
I appreciate all of your efforts to teach people how to make simple, nutritious and delicious meals without breaking the budget!
While I know how to cook, it’s nice to not have to think sometimes. Thank you!
My mother would make this every Sunday while we were at church. The house always smelled amazing when we came home starved from church. It just took her a few minutes to make gravy and have everything on the table. thank you for a great memory.
There are lots of recipes for pot roast and then there is this one. What comes through on this website is the passion for simplicity and good taste. Really great website. My roast is in the crockpot as I write this. It’s going to be a great evening with my family here in the Colorado snow. Thank you!
I used this easy and great recipe today. Hubby loved it as did I! I did make one slight change and instead of water with the corn starch, I used 1/4 cup broth from the crock pot. Fantastic recipe!!! Thanks!
This is the easiest & best flavor in a roast. Since I live alone sometimes I share with my daughter even though I have a picky son-in-law . The last time I made this I gave them part of it & he keeps asking me when I’m going to make it again. He said he never liked roast growing up because when his mom made it it was always dry & over cooked
I was wondering how to do a pot roast in the crock pot. This turned out juicy and delicious. The only difference I did my potatoes in a pot as I wanted mashed potatoes. I had been use to doing a pot roast in my dutch oven pot and now I can set the crock pot up and go out and do whatever errands I want, thank you
Love this recipe and my super picky kids ate it too!!
I love this recipe and we make a roast in the crockpot almost weekly. This recipe is so easy and good. Can’t wait to make it again. The picture made my mouth water lol
Very clear instructions. It looks so delicious that I was tempted to eat the page . Can’t wait to make it!
Not only is this easy, and is true blue delicious comfort foodโฆ(ok, guilty of leaning heavier on the potatoes to carrots ratio)โฆ But for anyone intimidated about making gravy, follow Carrieโs easy steps, and people will think youโre a pro.
Yummy and easy pot roast recipe. Family loved it!
YUMMY
Making this tonight…yum
This is the best recipe I’ve ever made. I give it a 10
Easy, tender requiring little prep . Slow cooker meals a win win
Love this recipe. I used to make the 3 envelope roast when I would make it. But now this is the only recipe I will make for my roast. I love knowing what I am putting into my recipes vs not being able to pronounce some ingredients in the packets. Plus, I can actually make gravy using this recipe.
Made this Last weekend and yes….It IS the best!!!!
AND The Easiest!!
I love how easy this was how much flavor and how tender it was. This is definitely the best recipe that I’ve ever had
Looks amazin! Can’t wait to try it this weekend.
A favorite ho to family meal in our house. Especially when itโs cooler weather.
Made this for my 7 year old grandson. He is a very picky eater. Loved it and had 2nd. Great and easy. I found my grandson loves the slow cooker meals. Thank you
Recipe is easy and ole so yummy. The perfect meat and potato dish sure to please all.
Previous post should have been five stars. Accidentally hit in the middle and it came up only two stars.
I live the flavor of the whole dish. Also, the meat is soo tender and juicy. I woukd recommend this to anyone.
A slow cooker pot roast without the seasoning packets? Yes, please! The pics look just like my Mom always made!
Couldnโt believe how tender the meat was
Thank you so much Cyndi – I’m so glad you enjoyed it!
I did 3Xs the seasoning since I had more meat (4.25 LB chuck roast). Used Better than Bouillon and kept the liquid amount the same. My brother, who is a really good cook, asked for the recipe! It was outstanding and this was the first pot roast I have ever made. So easy! Thank you Carrie for making me look like a chef!
I made this on Friday and it was delicious. I used a Chuck Roast. peeled baby cut carrots and a bag of petite yellow potatoes. I will be making this again. I love watching your videos on Facebook and YouTube.
Sounds delicious – Thank you for sharing!
This was absolutely perfect. I dredged this is flour and browned this first. I used mini carrots and small potatoes and cooked on low for the 8 hours. The carrots and potatoes were surprisingly not mushy at all. I also exchanged 1 cup of the beef broth for one cup of red wine, which I really liked.
Thanks for a great recipe.
I cut the veggies into large pieces so they do not get too soft for this recipe. The veggies are softer, so if you want firm veggies, I would put them in for the 2nd half of the cooking time only. Thank you!
Hi, Iโm making this today. It looks wonderful. Iโve seen other recipes call for adding the veggies and potatoes 2-3 hours before finish time. Are the veggies mushy putting them in with the meat?
Thank you!
I have used red cooking wine before and it’s delicious – I would use 1 cup. Thank you!
I don’t have beef broth. Has anyone used red wine instead. If so, how many ch do I use? And does it turn out just as tasty?
I’m so glad you enjoy it! The onion is listed in the recipe card – I use 1/2 Onion cut into large pieces. Thanks for sharing and reviewing the recipe!
I have made this recipe many times and never noticed that it doesn’t say onion in the ingredient list. Well, I was lazy and just scrolled down to ingredients list to put them all in and forgot the onion.) The roast was still great but the flavor was different.
Thanks for the great recipe. I just thought you might want to fix that.
Made two crockpots full of this yummy delicious meal to share with my sons family and my in-laws…. 6 thumbs up!
This was ABSOLUTELY AWESOME! When it comes 2 makin a roast my hubby & daughter just eat it but when I made this 1 they immediately asked me what I did cause it tasted so good!! So this is my go 2 recipe when Iโm makin a roast!!
Best Roast…Full of flavor…. I’ll never make it any other way again.
Lots of flavor.
Absolutely delicious!
Tastes great every time!
I would use the bouillon cubes with water. Thank!
I donโt have the required amount of beef broth. Substitute water? Or throw in a few beef bouillon cubes with 4 cups of water?
Yes, It’s a seasoning blend that I’m able to purchase at my local grocery store. It’s a mixture of thyme, oregano and basil. Thank you!
Can you tell me whatโs in the Italian seasoning?
Awesome – great to hear! I’m so glad you loved it.
Made this yesterday morning before going to work. It was so unbelievably easy!! I got home after I got off and could smell the aroma when I opened my door!! Took just minutes to make the gravy and dinner was done! Sooo…delicious!!!! Will definitely be making this again!
If the meat is tough, you’ll need to cook longer. I would cook the roast for 5 hours on high or 10 hours on low. Thank you!.
My roast is tough and not shredding. Did 5 hours on Low and then 2 on high. ?
Potatoes and carrotts are soft.
What went wrong?
Hi. I’m making this today. My road is only a little over a pound. I’m trying to figure out how much I should reduce the other ingredients by?
May I suggest that you add within the recipe ingredients and description categories more information about using wine? The recipe says 4 cups of beef broth (red wine is also good). So, since Iโve never made pot roast before and especially never made it with wine, I used 4 cups of red wine. After the aroma being incredibly strong when we came home, I did research and the most wine I could find that any crockpot recipe calls for is 2 cups, and other sites even said that is too much, but you should use 1/2 cup. I think if you clarify this in the recipe, it will be helpful for beginning chefs like myself! Iโm sure the recipe is great made with beef broth and Iโd like to try it in the future. Just some friendly feedback. ๐
I have a question. I made this recipe a couple months ago in my crock pot and it was awesome! So great that I want to make it for Christmas for 11 adults and 7 kids. I only have one small crock pot so I want to make this in the oven. Curious as to what temperature to set the oven at and how long to cook it for. Thank you!!
I have been fixing a roast in the crock pot for over 40 years.
I was told told to never put a frozen roast in the crock pot. It can crack the pot because the hot element and it reduces the temperature of the cock pot to safely cook the meat at a higher temperature to prevent food poisoning.
Instead of broth, I have always used one can of Campbell’s French onion soup and one can of Beefy Mushroom soup. Use one can of hot water dumped in each can back and forth to rinse out the rest of the soup into the crockpot, stir well to blend and add your roast and veggies. If I am home that day, I wait 2 hours to add veggies because I cook on high the first two hours and I don’t like mushy veggies. Enjoy from Michigan !
I would add them in for the last hour of the cooking time so that they do not get over cooked. Thank you!
I’ve made this recipe many times it is an absolute favorite! My hubby loves peas and I have some I picked fresh from the garden this morning. Do you think I could just throw them in at the same time or should I let it go for a few hours and then add them so they don’t get mushy? Thoughts please.
Yes, I think that would taste great!
I have used Xanthan Gum before and it works great. I have also heard that arrowroot works as well but I haven’t tried it before. Thank you.
Here is the recipe for the Instant Pot version of this recipe – https://www.eatingonadime.com/instant-pot-roast-dinner-recipe/. Thank you!
This looks great. I’d like to make mine in an Instant Pot, how long should I cook it?
I canโt use corn starch for thickening. Is there something else to use? I also canโt use flour thanks.
Looks so delicious! I am wanting to make this tomorrow, can I use a lamb roast for it?
I’m trying this today!!! I can’t wait to see the outcome…thanks for this recipe.
Thank you!
Perfection. I have tried a number of pot roast recipes, but I TOTALLY agree that this one is the best! Thank you so much for this!!! ๐
Yes, it might taste a little bit different but would still be good!
I only have a can of beef broth can I use some chicken broth with it.?
Yes, you definitely can – I would just cook it a few hours longer in the crock pot. Thanks!
Does anyone know anything about cooking the roast and veggies in the crockpot from frozen? Im not finding much anywhere about roasts and veggies from frozen. Thanks.
Made this wonderful recipe today and we loved it! So easy and so much flavor.
Thank you for sharing!
Made this tonight – it was great. Thank you so much for sharing
I made this tonight and it was really good! I would recommend adding more corn starch though for the gravy!
I made this roast tonight, it was sooo good! Thank You!!
Awesome recipe I did two things differently the gravy I used 4 Table spoons corn starch gets it thicker and put crock on high for the 1st hr then cooked on low 5 hr , then on high for 6th hr which made up for the 8 hrs slow worked out fine and was able to shred meat perfectly
Great comfort food dinner for a rainy day!
Slow cooking makes the BEST roasts ever!
The beef is so incredibly tender. Great flavor too!
Such a great recipe to put my slow cooker to some good use. Looks so yummy.
Cam you make this ahead of time and freeze it until your ready to make it. I know to add the potatoes the day of. but just wondering about the rest.
Can u use any kind of beef roast for this recipe?
Just bought a Instant Pot last Saturday….Tonight is the night I’m trying my Instant Pot for the first time. Making the “Pressure Pot Roast Recipe”, can’t wait to see how it turns out. ๐
Could you make this in the instant pot?
Thanks June , I updated that with the correct time.
I will be making this soon. I am confused about time. It says cook 5 hrs. on
high, but then, says cook for 6 hrs.
Hi Kristen, Onion would be optional so I wouldn’t worry about that. I like the flavor it ads but you’ll be good without it. I generally don’t brown the roast for this particular recipe but you can. Enjoy
What if I don’t have onion? And do you sear the roast before putting it into the slow cooker?
Chuck Roast works well or whatever happens to be on sale. There are many leaner options that work well also. Thats whats nice about slow cooking, comes out tender
What type of roast?
Ashley it serves 6 at 10oz. 468 calories per serving
what is the best type of beef roast for this recipe?
Does anybody know the calories and serving size?
Do you think you can add the thickener straight into the pot so it’s already gravy covered?
Love it
Wonder if this could be done in a electrical roaster??
Do you by chance the nutrition labeling for this recipe?
Does it matter what kind of roast you use? I really like roasts that shred and havenโt had any luck unless its because I cook it on high.
I made this today and it was very good. I do think that my crock pot runs hot so it cooked on low for 5-6 hours. I usually use my clay pot for pot roast but it is not big enough for all of the veges that I put in it. Thanks for the recipe.
I made this for dinner today and it was delicious. I love that it has real spices and not a packet of this or that. So good!!! Definitely will make again. Thank you for the recipe!
No it doesn’t Amber
Does it have to be submerged under the liquid?
Mine was thawed.
Do you put the roast in frozen or thawed?